Electronic Circuit Symbols

In electronic circuits, there are many electronic symbols that are used to represent or identify a basic electronic or electrical device. They are mostly used to draw a circuit diagram and are standardized internationally by the IEEE standard (IEEE Std 315) and the British Standard (BS 3939). NO changes can be brought by the user on any electronic symbol, but the user is free to bring any changes in the architectural drawings like power source and lighting.

Electronic Symbols

The symbols for different electronic devices are shown below. Click on each link given below to view the symbols. Apart from the circuit symbols, each device is also designated a short name. Though these names are not approved as standard notations, they are commonly used by most people. These designations are also given in the list.

Wires

Electronic Component	Circuit Symbol	Description
Wire	Wire Circuit Symbol	Used to connect one component to another.
Wires Joined	Wires Joined Circuit Symbol	One device may be connected to another through wires. This is represented by drawing “blobs” on the point where they are shorted.
Unjoined Wires	Wires Not Joined Circuit Symbol	When circuits are drawn some wires may not touch others. This can only be shown by bridging them or by drawing them without blobs. But bridging is commonly practised as there will not arise any confusion.

 

Power Supplies

Electronic Component	Circuit Symbol	Description
Cell	Cell Circuit Symbol	Used to provide a supply for a circuit.
Battery	Battery Circuit Symbol	A battery has more than a cell and is used for the same purpose. The smaller terminal is negative and the larger one is positive. Abbreviated as ‘B’.
DC Supply	DC Supply Circuit Symbol	Used as a DC power supply, that is, the current will always flow in one direction.
AC Supply	AC Supply Circuit Symbol	Used as AC power supply, that is, the current will keep alternating directions.
Fuse	Fuse Circuit Symbol	Used in circuits where a probability of excessive current flows. The fuse will break the circuit if excessive current flows and saves the other devices from damage.
Transformer	Transformer Circuit Symbol	Used as an ac power supply. Consists of two coils, the primary and secondary that are linked together through an iron core. There is no physical connection between the two coils. The principle of mutual inductance is used to obtain power. Abbreviated as ‘T’.
Earth/Ground	Earth Circuit Symbol	Used in electronic circuits to represent the 0 volts of the power supply. It can also be defined as the real earth , when it is applied in radio circuits and power circuits.

 

Resistor

Electronic Component	Circuit Symbol	Description
Resistor	Resistor Circuit Symbol	A resistor is used to restrict the amount of current flow through a device. Abbreviated as ‘R’.
Rheostat	Rheostat Circuit Symbol	A rheostat is used to control the current flow with two contacts. Applicable in controlling lamp brightness, capacitor charge rate, etc.
Potentiometer	Potentiometer Circuit Symbol	A potentiometer is used to control the voltage flow and has three contacts. Have applications in changing a mechanical angle change to an electrical parameter. Abbreviated as ‘POT’.
Preset	Preset Circuit Symbol	Presets are low cost variable resistors that are used to control the charge flow with the help of a screw driver. Applications where the resistance is determined only at the end of the circuit design.

 

Capacitor

Electronic Component	Circuit Symbol	Description
Capacitor	Capacitor Circuit Symbol	Capacitor is a device that is used to store electrical energy. It consists of two metals plates that are separated by a dielectric. It is applicable as a filter, that is, to block DC signals and allow AC signals. Abbreviated with the letter ‘C’.
Capacitor - Polarized	Capacitor-Polarised Circuit Symbol	Capacitor can be used in a timer circuit by adding a resistor.
Variable Capacitor	Variable Capacitor Circuit Symbol	Used to vary the capacitance by turning the knob. A type of variable capacitor is the trimmer capacitor that is small in size. The notations are all the same.

Diode

Electronic Component	Circuit Symbol	Description
Diode	Diode Circuit Symbol	A diode is used to allow electric current to flow in only one direction. Abbreviated as ‘D’.
Light Emitting Diode (LED)	LED Circuit Symbol	LED is used to emit light when a current is passed through the device. It is abbreviated as LED.
Zener Diode	Zener Diode Circuit Symbol	After a breakdown voltage, the device allows current to flow in the reverse direction as well. It is abbreviated as ‘Z’.
Photo Diode	Photo Diode Circuit Symbol	Photodiode works as a photo-detector and converts light into its corresponding voltage or current.
Tunnel Diode	Tunnel Diode Circuit Symbol	Tunnel Diode is known for its high-speed operation due to its application in quantum mechanical effects.
Schottky Diode	Schottky Diode Circuit Symbol	The Schottky Diode is known for its large forward voltage drop and hence has great applications in switching circuits.

Transistor

Electronic Component	Circuit Symbol	Description
NPN Transistor	Transistor NPN Circuit Symbol	This is a transistor with a layer of P-doped semiconductor fixed between two layers of N-doped semiconductors that act as the emitter and collector. Abbreviated as ‘Q’.
PNP Transistor	Transistor PNP Circuit Symbol	This is a transistor with a layer of N-doped semiconductor fixed between two layers of P-doped semiconductors that act as the emitter and collector. Abbreviated as ‘Q’.
Phototransistor	Phototransistor Circuit Symbol	The working of a phototransistoris similar to that of a bipolar transistor with a difference that it converts light into its corresponding current. The phototransistor can also act as a photodiode if the emitter is not connected.
Field Effect Transistor	Field Effect Transistor Circuit Symbol	Like a transistor, a FET has three terminals, the Gate, Source and Drain. The device has an electric field that controls the conductivity of a channel of one type charge carrier in a semiconductor substance.
N-Channel Junction FET	n-channel Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) Circuit Symbol	The Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) is the simplest type of FET with applications in Switching and voltage variable resistor. In an N-channel JFET an N-type silicon bar has two smaller pieces of P-type silicon material diffused on each sides of its middle part, forming P-N junctions.
P-Channel Junction FET	p-channel Junction Field Effect Transistor (FET) Circuit Symbol	P-channel JFET is similar in construction to N-channel JFET except that P-type semiconductor base is sandwiched between two N-type junctions. In this case majority carriers are holes.
Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET	Given Below	Abbreviated as MOSFET. MOSFET is a three terminal device and is controlled by a gate bias. It is known for its low capacitance and low input impedance.
Enhancement MOSFET	e-MOSFET Circuit Symbol	The enhancement MOSFET structure has no channel formed during its construction. Voltage is applied to the gate, so as to develop a channel of charge carriers so that a current results when a voltage is applied across the drain-source terminals. Abbreviated as e-MOSFET.
Depletion MOSFET	d-MOSFET Circuit Symbol	In the depletion-mode construction a channel is physically constructed and a current between drain and source is due to voltage applied across the drain-source terminals. Abbreviated as d-MOSFET.

Logic Gates

Gate	Standard Symbol	IEC Symbol	Description
AND Gate	AND GATE Symbol	AND Gate IEC Symbol	If all the inputs of an AND gate are HIGH, then the output will also be HIGH. If any one of them is LOW, the output will also be LOW.
NAND Gate	NAND Gate Symbol	NAND Gate IEC Symbol	Short form for NOT AND Gate. Of all the inputs are HIGH, the output will be LOW. If any one input is LOW, the output will be HIGH.
OR Gate	OR Gate Symbol	OR Gate IEC Symbol	If any one of the input is HIGH, the output will also be HIGH. If both inputs are LOW, the output will also be LOW.
NOR Gate	NOR Gate Symbol	NOR Gate IEC Symbol	Short form for NOT OR. If both inputs are LOW, the output will also be LOW. For other cases, the output will be HIGH.
EX-OR Gate	EX-OR Gate Symbol	EX-OR Gate IEC Symbol	Short form for Exclusive NOR. If both inputs are either in LOW state r HIGH state, the output will be LOW. If both inputs are different, the output will be HIGH.
EX-NOR Gate	EX-NOR Gate Symbol	EX-NOR Gate IEC Symbol	Short form for Exclusive NOT OR. If both the inputs are the same, the output will be HIGH. If both are different, the output will also be different.
NOT Gate	NOT Gate Symbol	NOT Gate Symbol	Also known as the inverter Gate. There is only one input for this gate. If the input is HIGH, the output will be LOW. If the input is LOW, the output will be HIGH.

Meters

Electronic Component	Circuit Symbol	Description
Voltmeter	Voltmeter Circuit Symbol	Voltmeter is used to measure the voltage at a certain point in the circuit.
Ammeter	Ammeter Circuit Symbol	An Ammeter is used to measure the current that passes through the circuit at a particular point.
Galvanometer	Galvanometer Circuit Symbol	A galvanometer is used to measure very small currents in the order of 1 milli ampere or less.
Ohmmeter	Ohmmeter Circuit Symbol	Resistance of the circuit is measured using an Ohmmeter.
Oscilloscope	Oscilloscope Circuit Symbol	An oscilloscope is used to measure the voltage and time period of signals along with their shape display.

Sensors

Electronic Component	Circuit Symbol	Description
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)	LDR Circuit Symbol	It is abbreviated as LDR. Light Dependent Resistor is used to convert light into its corresponding resistance. Instead of directly measuring the light, it senses the heat content and converts it onto resistance.
Thermistor	Thermistor Circuit Symbol	Instead of directly measuring the light, a thermistor senses the heat content and converts it into resistance. Abbreviated as ‘TH’.

Switches

Electronic Component	Circuit Symbol	Description
Push Switch	Push Switch Circuit Symbol	This is an ordinary switch that passes current only upon pressing.
Push to Break Switch	Push to Break Switch Circuit Symbol	The push to break switch is usually kept in the ON state (closed). It turns to OFF state (open) only when the switch is pressed.
Singe Pole Single Throw Switch	On Off Switch (SPST) Circuit Symbol	Also known as the ON/OFF switch. This switch allows the flow of current only when it is kept ON. Abbreviated as SPST.
Single Pole Double Throw Switch	2-Way Switch (SPDT) Circuit Symbol	Also known as the 2-way switch. It can be also called as an ON/OFF/ON switch as it has an OFF position in the center. The switch causes the flow of current in two directions, depending on its position. It can be abbreviated as SPDT.
Double Pole Single Throw Switch	Dual On-Off Switch (DPST) Circuit Symbol	Abbreviated as DPST. Can also be called as a dual ON-OFF switch. This is used to isolate between the live and neutral connections in the main electrical line.
Double Pole Double Throw Switch	DPDT Circuit Symbol	Abbreviated as DPDT. The switch uses a central OFF position and is applied as reversing switch for motors.
Relay	Relay Circuit Symbol	Relay is abbreviated as ‘RY’. This device can easily switch a 230 Volt AC mains circuit. It has three switching stages called Normally Open (NO). Normally Closed (NC), and Common (COM).

Audio and Radio Devices

Electronic Component	Circuit Symbol	Description
Microphone	Microphone Circuit Symbol	This device is used for converting sound to its corresponding electrical energy. Abbreviated as ‘MIC’.
Earphone	Earphone Circuit Symbol	Does the reverse process of microphone and converts electrical energy into sound.
Loudspeaker	Loudspeaker Circuit Symbol	Does the same operation as an earphone, but converts an amplified version of the electrical energy into its corresponding sound.
Piezo-Transducer	PiezoTransducer Circuit Symbol	It is a transducer that converts electrical energy into sound.
Amplifier	Amplifier Circuit Symbol	Used to amplify a signal. It is mainly used to represent a whole circuit rather than just one component.
Aerial	Aerial Circuit Symbol	This device is used to transmit/receive signals. Abbreviated as ‘AE’.

Output Devices

Electronic Component	Circuit Symbol	Description
Lighting Lamp	Lamp Circuit Symbol	This is used to provide light for the output.
Indicator Lamp	Lamp Indiator Circuit Symbol	Used to convert electrical energy into light. The best example is the warning light on a car dashboard.
Heater	Heater Circuit Symbol	This transducer is used to change electrical energy into heat.
Inductor	Inductor Circuit Symbol	Inductor is used to produce a magnetic field when a certain current is passed through a coil of wire. The wire is coiled on a soft iron core. Have applications in motors, and tank circuits. Abbreviated as ‘L’.
Motor	Motor Circuit Symbol	This device is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Can be used as a generator as well. Abbreviated as ‘M’.
Bell	Bell Circuit Symbol	Used to produce a sound as the output, according to the electrical energy produced as the input.
Buzzer	Buzzer Circuit Symbol	It is used to produce an output sound corresponding to the electrical energy in the input.

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Jam digital dengan IC TTL

Jam Digital di buat dari IC TTL

Daftar Komponen :

• 6 IC 7490
• 4 IC 7447
• 2 Gerbang OR
• 2 Push Button
• 1 Clock
• 1 LCD VI-402-DP
• 2 Resistor 1K

Simulator Proteusnya dapat didownload disini 
Semoga bermanfaat bagi yang bereksperimen Jooooooo

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Pengendali Lampu lalulintas 4 jalur

 Traficlight seperti kita ketahui digunakan untuk mengatur lalu lintas pada persimpangan jalan baik pertigaan atau perempatan bahkan simpang lima. Traficlight digunakan untuk menggantikan tugas pak polisi supaya kerjanya lebih ringan dan he he he tinggal tilang aja klo ada yang gak nurut.. cukup sekian basa basinya langsung saja ke konfigurasi hardwarenya. trafic ini terdiri dari tiga buah komponen utama yaitu:

1. Controler
2. Counter display 7 segment
3. Led merah, kuning dan hijau
Controler pada trafic ini menggunakan atmega16

Counter display menggunakan 7 segment dengan shift register sebagai perantara pengiriman data dari controler Led merah, kuning dan hijau digunakan mengatur lalulintas merah artinya stop, hijau artinya jalan dan kuning artinya jalan ngebut (keburu lampu merahnya nyala)

Gambar Rangkaian dengan simulator Proteus :

Pada prinsipnya kerja traficlight adalah menyalakan lampu hijau dan lampu kuning secara bergantian, misalnya pada trafic light 4 jalur ini. Pada traficlight ini nyala lampu hijau dan kuning dibuat sama untuk 4 jalurnya yaitu 8 detik untuk lampu hijau dan 2 detik untuk lampu kuning jadi totalnya adalah 11 detik. sedangkan untuk nyala lampu merahnya adalah 3 kali lipat nyala lampu hijau + Kuning, jadi untuk nyala lampu merahnya adalah 11+11+11 = 35. lho kog 35 bukannya 33? eit jangan salah dalam trafic light counter downnya menghitung atau mencacah sampai angka nol (0) bukan 1 untuk lebih jelasnya berikut adalah timeline nya

keterangan
garis hijau = lama nyala lampu hijau
garis kuning = lama nyala lampu kuning
garis merah = lama nyala lampu merah

setelah mengetahui konsepnya maka dapat langsung diimplementasikan pada programnya. disini bahasa pemrogramannya menggunakan Bascomavr. Berikut merupakan inti dari program traficlight diatas:

Souce Code :

$regfile = "m16def.dat"
$crystal = 12000000

Config Portb.0 = Output
Config Portb.1 = Output
Config Portb.2 = Output
Config Portb.5 = Output
Config Portb.6 = Output
Config Portb.7 = Output
Config Portd.0 = Output
Config Portd.1 = Output
Config Portd.2 = Output
Config Portd.5 = Output
Config Portd.6 = Output
Config Portd.7 = Output
Config Porta.0 = Output
Config Porta.1 = Output
Config Porta.2 = Output
Config Porta.5 = Output
Config Porta.6 = Output
Config Porta.7 = Output
Config Portc.0 = Output
Config Portc.1 = Output
Config Portc.2 = Output
Config Portc.5 = Output
Config Portc.6 = Output
Config Portc.7 = Output
'trafic 1
Data1 Alias Portb.0
Clock1 Alias Portb.1
Oe1 Alias Portb.2

Merah1 Alias Portb.5
Kuning1 Alias Portb.6
Hijau1 Alias Portb.7

'trafic 2
Data2 Alias Portd.7
Clock2 Alias Portd.6
Oe2 Alias Portd.5

Merah2 Alias Portd.0
Kuning2 Alias Portd.1
Hijau2 Alias Portd.2

'trafic3
Data3 Alias Porta.2
Clock3 Alias Porta.1
Oe3 Alias Porta.0

Merah3 Alias Porta.7
Kuning3 Alias Porta.6
Hijau3 Alias Porta.5

'trafic4
Data4 Alias Portc.0
Clock4 Alias Portc.1
Oe4 Alias Portc.2

Merah4 Alias Portc.5
Kuning4 Alias Portc.6
Hijau4 Alias Portc.7


Dim Kodesat1 As Byte , Npul1 As Integer , Nsat1 As Integer , Kodepul1 As Byte
Dim Sat1 As Byte , Pul1 As Byte , Flaghijau1 As Bit , Flagkuning1 As Bit , Flag1put As Bit
Dim A1 As Bit , B1 As Bit

Dim Kodesat2 As Byte , Npul2 As Integer , Nsat2 As Integer , Kodepul2 As Byte
Dim Sat2 As Byte , Pul2 As Byte , Flaghijau2 As Bit , Flagkuning2 As Bit
Dim A2 As Bit , B2 As Bit

Dim Kodesat3 As Byte , Npul3 As Integer , Nsat3 As Integer , Kodepul3 As Byte
Dim Sat3 As Byte , Pul3 As Byte , Flaghijau3 As Bit , Flagkuning3 As Bit
Dim A3 As Bit , B3 As Bit

Dim Kodesat4 As Byte , Npul4 As Integer , Nsat4 As Integer , Kodepul4 As Byte
Dim Sat4 As Byte , Pul4 As Byte , Flaghijau4 As Bit , Flagkuning4 As Bit
Dim A4 As Bit , B4 As Bit

Mulai:

A1 = 0
B1 = 0

A2 = 0
B2 = 0

A3 = 0
B3 = 0

A4 = 0
B4 = 0

Flaghijau1 = 0
Flagkuning1 = 0

Flaghijau2 = 0
Flagkuning2 = 0

Flaghijau3 = 0
Flagkuning3 = 0

Flaghijau4 = 0
Flagkuning4 = 0

Sat1 = 8
Pul1 = 0

Sat2 = 1
Pul2 = 1

Sat3 = 3
Pul3 = 2

Sat4 = 5
Pul4 = 3


Do

Gosub Tampil1
Gosub Tampil2
Gosub Tampil3
Gosub Tampil4

Gosub Trafic1
Gosub Trafic2
Gosub Trafic3
Gosub Trafic4

Decr Sat1
Decr Sat2
Decr Sat3
Decr Sat4

Loop

Trafic1:
'lampu
   If A1 = 0 And B1 = 0 Then
     Merah1 = 0
     Kuning1 = 0
     Hijau1 = 1
   End If

   If A1 = 0 And B1 = 1 Then
     Merah1 = 1
     Kuning1 = 0
     Hijau1 = 0
   End If

   If A1 = 1 And B1 = 0 Then
     Merah1 = 0
     Kuning1 = 1
     Hijau1 = 0
   End If

'counter

   If Sat1 = 0 And Pul1 = 0 And Flaghijau1 = 0 And Flagkuning1 = 0 Then
   Sat1 = 3
   Pul1 = 0
   Flaghijau1 = 1
   A1 = 1
   B1 = 0
   End If

   If Sat1 = 0 And Pul1 = 0 And Flaghijau1 = 1 And Flagkuning1 = 0 Then
   Sat1 = 6
   Pul1 = 3
   Flagkuning1 = 1
   A1 = 0
   B1 = 1
   End If

   If Sat1 = 0 And Pul1 = 0 And Flaghijau1 = 1 And Flagkuning1 = 1 Then
   A1 = 0
   B1 = 0
   Flaghijau1 = 0
   Flagkuning1 = 0
   End If

   If Sat1 = 0 And Pul1 = 3 Then
   Decr Pul1
   Sat1 = 10
   End If

   If Sat1 = 0 And Pul1 = 2 Then
   Decr Pul1
   Sat1 = 10
   End If

   If Sat1 = 0 And Pul1 = 1 Then
   Decr Pul1
   Sat1 = 10
   End If

Return


Tampil1:
Reset Oe1
Kodesat1 = Lookup(sat1 , Kode)
Kodepul1 = Lookup(pul1 , Kode)
Shiftout Data1 , Clock1 , Kodesat1 , 1
Shiftout Data1 , Clock1 , Kodepul1 , 1
Waitms 200
Set Oe1
Return

Trafic2:
'lampu
   If A2 = 0 And B2 = 1 Then
      Merah2 = 0
      Kuning2 = 0
      Hijau2 = 1
   End If

   If A2 = 1 And B2 = 0 Then
      Merah2 = 0
      Kuning2 = 1
      Hijau2 = 0
   End If

   If A2 = 0 And B2 = 0 Then
      Merah2 = 1
      Kuning2 = 0
      Hijau2 = 0
   End If

'counter
   If Sat2 = 0 And Pul2 = 0 And Flaghijau2 = 0 And Flagkuning2 = 0 Then
      Sat2 = 9
      Pul2 = 0
      Flaghijau2 = 1
      A2 = 0
      B2 = 1
   End If

   If Sat2 = 0 And Pul2 = 0 And Flaghijau2 = 1 Then
      Sat2 = 3
      Pul2 = 0
      Flagkuning2 = 1
      Flaghijau2 = 0
      A2 = 1
      B2 = 0
   End If

   If Sat2 = 0 And Pul2 = 0 And Flagkuning2 = 1 Then
      Sat2 = 6
      Pul2 = 3
      Flagkuning2 = 0
      Flaghijau2 = 1
      A2 = 0
      B2 = 0
   End If

   If Sat2 = 0 And Pul2 = 3 Then
   Decr Pul2
   Sat2 = 10
   End If

   If Sat2 = 0 And Pul2 = 2 Then
   Decr Pul2
   Sat2 = 10
   End If

   If Sat2 = 0 And Pul2 = 1 Then
   Decr Pul2
   Sat2 = 10
   End If

Return


Tampil2:
Reset Oe2
Kodesat2 = Lookup(sat2 , Kode)
Kodepul2 = Lookup(pul2 , Kode)
Shiftout Data2 , Clock2 , Kodesat2 , 1
Shiftout Data2 , Clock2 , Kodepul2 , 1
Waitms 200
Set Oe2
Return

Trafic3:
'lampu
   If A3 = 0 And B3 = 1 Then
      Merah3 = 0
      Kuning3 = 0
      Hijau3 = 1
   End If

   If A3 = 1 And B3 = 0 Then
      Merah3 = 0
      Kuning3 = 1
      Hijau3 = 0
   End If

   If A3 = 0 And B3 = 0 Then
      Merah3 = 1
      Kuning3 = 0
      Hijau3 = 0
   End If

'counter
   If Sat3 = 0 And Pul3 = 0 And Flaghijau3 = 0 And Flagkuning3 = 0 Then
      Sat3 = 9
      Pul3 = 0
      Flaghijau3 = 1
      A3 = 0
      B3 = 1
   End If

   If Sat3 = 0 And Pul3 = 0 And Flaghijau3 = 1 And Flagkuning3 = 0 Then
      Sat3 = 3
      Pul3 = 0
      Flaghijau3 = 0
      Flagkuning3 = 1
      A3 = 1
      B3 = 0
   End If

   If Sat3 = 0 And Pul3 = 0 And Flagkuning3 = 1 And Flagkuning3 = 1 Then
      Sat3 = 6
      Pul3 = 3
      Flagkuning3 = 0
      A3 = 0
      B3 = 0
   End If

   If Sat3 = 0 And Pul3 = 3 Then
   Decr Pul3
   Sat3 = 10
   End If

   If Sat3 = 0 And Pul3 = 2 Then
   Decr Pul3
   Sat3 = 10
   End If

   If Sat3 = 0 And Pul3 = 1 Then
   Decr Pul3
   Sat3 = 10
   End If

Return


Tampil3:
Reset Oe3
Kodesat3 = Lookup(sat3 , Kode)
Kodepul3 = Lookup(pul3 , Kode)
Shiftout Data3 , Clock3 , Kodesat3 , 1
Shiftout Data3 , Clock3 , Kodepul3 , 1
Waitms 200
Set Oe3
Return

Trafic4:
'lampu

   'If Flag1put = 1 Then
   '   Goto Mulai
   'End If

   If A4 = 0 And B4 = 1 Then
      Merah4 = 0
      Kuning4 = 0
      Hijau4 = 1
   End If

   If A4 = 1 And B4 = 0 Then
      Merah4 = 0
      Kuning4 = 1
      Hijau4 = 0
   End If

   If A4 = 0 And B4 = 0 Then
      Merah4 = 1
      Kuning4 = 0
      Hijau4 = 0
   End If

'counter
   If Sat4 = 0 And Pul4 = 0 And Flaghijau4 = 0 And Flagkuning4 = 0 Then
      Sat4 = 9
      Pul4 = 0
      Flaghijau4 = 1
      A4 = 0
      B4 = 1
   End If

   If Sat4 = 0 And Pul4 = 0 And Flaghijau4 = 1 And Flagkuning4 = 0 Then
      Sat4 = 3
      Pul4 = 0
      Flagkuning4 = 1
      A4 = 1
      B4 = 0
   End If

   If Sat4 = 0 And Pul4 = 0 And Flaghijau4 = 1 And Flagkuning4 = 1 Then
      'Flag1put = 1
      Goto Mulai
   End If

   If Sat4 = 0 And Pul4 = 3 Then
   Decr Pul4
   Sat4 = 10
   End If

   If Sat4 = 0 And Pul4 = 2 Then
   Decr Pul4
   Sat4 = 10
   End If

   If Sat4 = 0 And Pul4 = 1 Then
   Decr Pul4
   Sat4 = 10
   End If

Return


Tampil4:
Reset Oe4
Kodesat4 = Lookup(sat4 , Kode)
Kodepul4 = Lookup(pul4 , Kode)
Shiftout Data4 , Clock4 , Kodesat4 , 1
Shiftout Data4 , Clock4 , Kodepul4 , 1
Waitms 200
Set Oe4
Return

Kode:
Data &HC0 , &HF9 , &HA4 , &HB0 , &H99 , &H92 , &H82 , &HF8 , &H80 , &H90

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Jam Dot Matrik Jumbo

Silahkan downlod disini filenya
Download file hex nya disini


Kode Listing : CodeVision

/*****************************************************
This program was produced by the
CodeWizardAVR V1.25.5 Professional

Project : jam Digital Jumbo
Version : J01/13
Date    : 20 Januari 2013
Author  : Suparno
Company :SMK Binawiyata Sragen
Comments:


Chip type           : ATmega32
Program type        : Application
Clock frequency     : 12.000000 MHz
Memory model        : Small
External SRAM size  : 0
Data Stack size     : 512
*****************************************************/

#include

#include

flash unsigned char numfont[11][24][2]=
{/*0*/{{ 255 , 255 } , { 63 , 252 } , { 143 , 241 } , { 199 , 227 } , { 199 , 195 } , { 195 , 195 } , { 195 , 195 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 195 , 195 } , { 195 , 195 } , { 199 , 195 } , { 135 , 225 } , { 31 , 248 } , { 255 , 255 } , { 255 , 255 }}
,/*1*/{{ 255 , 255 } , { 255 , 252 } , { 63 , 252 } , { 7 , 252 } , { 3 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 31 , 248 } , { 3 , 224 } , { 255 , 255 } , { 255 , 255 }}
,/*2*/{{ 255 , 255 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 7 , 248 } , { 3 , 240 } , { 1 , 224 } , { 57 , 224 } , { 125 , 224 } , { 255 , 224 } , { 255 , 224 } , { 255 , 240 } , { 255 , 240 } , { 255 , 248 } , { 127 , 252 } , { 127 , 252 } , { 63 , 254 } , { 31 , 255 } , { 159 , 247 } , { 207 , 243 } , { 7 , 248 } , { 3 , 248 } , { 1 , 248 } , { 0 , 248 } , { 255 , 255 } , { 255 , 255 }}
,/*3*/{{ 255 , 255 } , { 63 , 240 } , { 15 , 224 } , { 231 , 192 } , { 251 , 193 } , { 255 , 193 } , { 255 , 225 } , { 255 , 248 } , { 127 , 248 } , { 31 , 224 } , { 63 , 192 } , { 255 , 128 } , { 255 , 129 } , { 255 , 129 } , { 255 , 131 } , { 255 , 131 } , { 255 , 131 } , { 243 , 195 } , { 225 , 227 } , { 193 , 225 } , { 1 , 248 } , { 7 , 254 } , { 255 , 255 } , { 255 , 255 }}
,/*4*/{{ 255 , 255 } , { 255 , 227 } , { 255 , 227 } , { 255 , 225 } , { 255 , 224 } , { 127 , 224 } , { 127 , 224 } , { 191 , 224 } , { 223 , 224 } , { 239 , 224 } , { 239 , 224 } , { 247 , 224 } , { 251 , 224 } , { 253 , 224 } , { 1 , 128 } , { 1 , 128 } , { 1 , 128 } , { 255 , 224 } , { 255 , 224 } , { 255 , 224 } , { 255 , 224 } , { 255 , 224 } , { 255 , 255 } , { 255 , 255 }}
,/*5*/{{ 255 , 255 } , { 31 , 128 } , { 15 , 192 } , { 15 , 192 } , { 15 , 224 } , { 247 , 255 } , { 247 , 255 } , { 7 , 255 } , { 3 , 248 } , { 3 , 240 } , { 3 , 224 } , { 1 , 192 } , { 127 , 128 } , { 255 , 131 } , { 255 , 135 } , { 255 , 143 } , { 255 , 159 } , { 243 , 159 } , { 193 , 223 } , { 129 , 207 } , { 3 , 231 } , { 7 , 248 } , { 255 , 255 } , { 255 , 255 }}
,/*6*/{{ 255 , 255 } , { 255 , 135 } , { 255 , 224 } , { 127 , 248 } , { 31 , 254 } , { 15 , 255 } , { 143 , 255 } , { 135 , 255 } , { 131 , 255 } , { 3 , 240 } , { 195 , 225 } , { 193 , 193 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 195 , 131 } , { 131 , 195 } , { 135 , 195 } , { 143 , 225 } , { 63 , 248 } , { 255 , 255 } , { 255 , 255 }}
,/*7*/{{ 255 , 255 } , { 3 , 192 } , { 3 , 192 } , { 3 , 192 } , { 3 , 224 } , { 249 , 231 } , { 253 , 231 } , { 255 , 243 } , { 255 , 243 } , { 255 , 243 } , { 255 , 249 } , { 255 , 249 } , { 255 , 249 } , { 255 , 252 } , { 255 , 252 } , { 255 , 252 } , { 127 , 254 } , { 127 , 254 } , { 127 , 254 } , { 63 , 255 } , { 63 , 255 } , { 63 , 255 } , { 255 , 255 } , { 255 , 255 }}
,/*8*/{{ 255 , 255 } , { 31 , 240 } , { 135 , 227 } , { 195 , 199 } , { 193 , 135 } , { 193 , 135 } , { 129 , 135 } , { 1 , 135 } , { 3 , 194 } , { 3 , 240 } , { 7 , 240 } , { 31 , 224 } , { 31 , 192 } , { 71 , 192 } , { 227 , 128 } , { 225 , 129 } , { 225 , 131 } , { 225 , 131 } , { 225 , 195 } , { 227 , 195 } , { 199 , 225 } , { 15 , 248 } , { 255 , 255 } , { 255 , 255 }}
,/*9*/{{ 255 , 255 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 135 , 241 } , { 195 , 225 } , { 195 , 193 } , { 193 , 195 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 193 , 131 } , { 131 , 131 } , { 135 , 131 } , { 15 , 192 } , { 255 , 195 } , { 255 , 225 } , { 255 , 225 } , { 255 , 240 } , { 127 , 248 } , { 31 , 252 } , { 7 , 255 } , { 195 , 255 } , { 255 , 255 } , { 255 , 255 }}
,/*:*/{{255,255},{255,255},{255,255},{255,255},{255,255},{255,255},{255,255},{255,255},{193,255},{193,255},{193,255},{193,255},{193,255},{255,255},{255,255},{255,255},{255,255},{193,255},{193,255},{193,255},{193,255},{193,255},{255,255},{255,255}}};




unsigned char satr=0;

unsigned char hour=10,minute=58,second=30,weekday=6,monthday=7,monthyear=5,timedigit[9];
unsigned int year=1386;


interrupt [TIM1_OVF] void timer1_ovf_isr(void)
{
   unsigned char i=0,j;
   TCNT1H=0xd1;
   TCNT1L=0x1f;

   PORTB.0=1;//OE inactive
   PORTD=0xff-numfont[hour/10][satr][0];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;
   PORTD=0xff-numfont[hour/10][satr][1];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;
  
   PORTD=0xff-numfont[hour%10][satr][0];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;
   PORTD=0xff-numfont[hour%10][satr][1];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;
  
   PORTD=0xff-numfont[10][satr][0];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;

   PORTD=0xff-numfont[minute/10][satr][0];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;
   PORTD=0xff-numfont[minute/10][satr][1];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;
  
   PORTD=0xff-numfont[minute%10][satr][0];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;
   PORTD=0xff-numfont[minute%10][satr][1];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;

   PORTD=0xff-numfont[10][satr][0];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;

   PORTD=0xff-numfont[second/10][satr][0];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;
   PORTD=0xff-numfont[second/10][satr][1];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;

   PORTD=0xff-numfont[second%10][satr][0];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;
   PORTD=0xff-numfont[second%10][satr][1];
   PORTC=0x20|i;
   PORTC=PORTC|0x30;
   i++;
  
   PORTB.0=0;  
   PORTC=satr;
   satr++;
   if(satr==24)
      satr=0;

}

// Timer 2 overflow interrupt service routine
interrupt [TIM2_OVF] void timer2_ovf_isr(void)
{
   if(second==59)
   {
      second=0;
      if(minute==59)
      {
         minute=0;
         if(hour==23)
         {
            hour=0;
            if(weekday==6)
            {
               weekday=0;
            }
            else
               weekday++;
            if(monthyear<7 br="br">            {
               if(monthday==31)
               {
                  monthday=0;
                  monthyear++;
               }
               else
                  monthday++;
            }
            else
            {
               if(monthday==30)
               {
                  monthday=0;
                  if(monthyear==12)
                  {
                     monthyear=1;  
                     year++;
                  }
                  else
                     monthyear++;
               }
               else
                  monthday++;
            }
         }
         else
            hour++;
      }
      else
         minute++;
   }
   else
      second++;
//   tint2tstring();     
}

// Declare your global variables here
void main(void)
{
// Declare your local variables here

// Input/Output Ports initialization
// Port A initialization
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In Func0=In
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=T State0=T
PORTA=0x00;
DDRA=0xff;

// Port B initialization
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In Func0=In
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=T State0=T
PORTB=0x00;
DDRB=0x01;

// Port C initialization
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In Func0=In
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=T State0=T
PORTC=0x00;
DDRC=0xff;

// Port D initialization
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In Func0=In
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=T State0=T
PORTD=0x00;
DDRD=0xff;

// Timer/Counter 0 initialization
// Clock source: System Clock
// Clock value: Timer 0 Stopped
// Mode: Normal top=FFh
// OC0 output: Disconnected
TCCR0=0x00;
TCNT0=0x00;
OCR0=0x00;

// Timer/Counter 1 initialization
// Clock source: System Clock
// Clock value: Timer 1 Stopped
// Mode: Normal top=FFFFh
// OC1A output: Discon.
// OC1B output: Discon.
// Noise Canceler: Off
// Input Capture on Falling Edge
// Timer 1 Overflow Interrupt: Off
// Input Capture Interrupt: Off
// Compare A Match Interrupt: Off
// Compare B Match Interrupt: Off

TCCR1A=0x00;
TCCR1B=0x81;
TCNT1H=0xa2;
TCNT1L=0x3f;
ICR1H=0x00;
ICR1L=0x00;
OCR1AH=0x00;
OCR1AL=0x00;
OCR1BH=0x00;
OCR1BL=0x00;

// Timer/Counter 2 initialization
// Clock source: TOSC1 pin
// Clock value: PCK2/128
// Mode: Normal top=FFh
// OC2 output: Disconnected
ASSR=0x08;
TCCR2=0x05;
TCNT2=0x00;
OCR2=0x00;

// External Interrupt(s) initialization
// INT0: Off
// INT1: Off
// INT2: Off
MCUCR=0x00;
MCUCSR=0x00;

// Timer(s)/Counter(s) Interrupt(s) initialization
TIMSK=0x44;

// Analog Comparator initialization
// Analog Comparator: Off
// Analog Comparator Input Capture by Timer/Counter 1: Off
ACSR=0x80;
SFIOR=0x00;

// Global enable interrupts
#asm("sei")

while (1);
}

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Cara Kerja gerbang AND dengan Atmega 8535

Gerbang AND adalah suatu gerbang logika dasar yang mempunyai 2 input atau lebih dan mempunyai 1 output
Cara kerjanya : output akan berlogika "1" jika semua input berlogika "1"
Gerbang AND ibarat seperti saklar seri
Untuk mengetahui cara kerjanya, penulis kali ini akan mensimulasikan dengan program mikrokontroler  Atmega 8535, seperti di bawah ini

1. Gambar rangkaian

2. List Code : dengan Bascom AVR

$regfile = "m8535.dat"
$crystal = 4000000

Config Portb = Input
Config Portc = Output

Config Lcd = 20 * 4
Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db4 = Porta.4 , Db5 = Porta.5 , Db6 = Porta.6 , Db7 = Porta.7 , E = Porta.3 , Rs = Porta.2
Cursor Off

Ddrb = 0 : Portb = 255

Locate 1 , 1
Lcd "**** CARA KERJA ****"
Locate 2 , 1
Lcd "    GERBANG 'AND' "
Waitms 2

Portc = 8

Do

If Pinb.0 = 0 And Pinb.1 = 0 Then
Locate 3 , 1
Lcd "Input A = 1 , B = 1  "
Locate 4 , 1
Lcd "Output Q = 1         "
End If

If Pinb.0 = 0 And Pinb.1 = 1 Then
Locate 3 , 1
Lcd "Input A = 1 , B = 0  "
Locate 4 , 1
Lcd "Output Q = 0         "
End If

If Pinb.0 = 1 And Pinb.1 = 0 Then
Locate 3 , 1
Lcd "Input A = 0 , B = 1  "
Locate 4 , 1
Lcd "Output Q = 0         "
End If

If Pinb.0 = 1 And Pinb.1 = 1 Then
Locate 3 , 1
Lcd "Input A = 0 , B = 0  "
Locate 4 , 1
Lcd "Output Q = 0         "
End If
'========================================
If Pinb.0 = 0 And Pinb.1 = 0 Then
Portc = 1
End If
If Pinb.0 = 0 And Pinb.1 = 1 Then
Portc = 0
End If
If Pinb.0 = 1 And Pinb.1 = 0 Then
Portc = 0
End If
If Pinb.0 = 1 And Pinb.1 = 1 Then
Portc = 0
End If
Loop

Semoga bermanfaat

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Refrensi Warna untuk HTML maupun CSS

Banyak tersedia warna yang bisa kita gunakan agar web/blog kita lebih menarik. Umumnya yang paling gampang diingat yaitu warna dasar seperti merah, hijau, biru dll yang ditulis dalam bahasa inggris. Selain itu masih banyak warna-warna yang bisa kita gunakan dengan menuliskan kode warnanya contoh warna merah dituliskan dengan kode #FF0000. Contoh mengubah format H1 menjadi berwarna merah muda, penggunaanya bisa dilihat di kode berikut :

h1 { color : #F75D59; }

atau

TULISAN

TABEL KODE WARNA UNTUK HTML ATAU CSS

#EEEEEE		#DDDDDD		#CCCCCC		#BBBBBB		#AAAAAA		#999999
#888888		#777777		#666666		#555555		#444444		#333333
#000000		#000033		#000066		#000099		#0000CC		#0000FF
#330000		#330033		#330066		#330099		#3300CC		#3300FF
#660000		#660033		#660066		#660099		#6600CC		#6600FF
#990000		#990033		#990066		#990099		#9900CC		#9900FF
#CC0000		#CC0033		#CC0066		#CC0099		#CC00CC		#CC00FF
#FF0000		#FF0033		#FF0066		#FF0099		#FF00CC		#FF00FF
#003300		#003333		#003366		#003399		#0033CC		#0033FF
#333300		#333333		#333366		#333399		#3333CC		#3333FF
#663300		#663333		#663366		#663399		#6633CC		#6633FF
#993300		#993333		#993366		#993399		#9933CC		#9933FF
#CC3300		#CC3333		#CC3366		#CC3399		#CC33CC		#CC33FF
#FF3300		#FF3333		#FF3366		#FF3399		#FF33CC		#FF33FF
#006600		#006633		#006666		#006699		#0066CC		#0066FF
#336600		#336633		#336666		#336699		#3366CC		#3366FF
#666600		#666633		#666666		#666699		#6666CC		#6666FF
#996600		#996633		#996666		#996699		#9966CC		#9966FF
#CC6600		#CC6633		#CC6666		#CC3399		#CC66CC		#CC66FF
#FF6600		#FF6633		#FF6666		#FF6699		#FF66CC		#FF66FF
#009900		#009933		#009966		#009999		#0099CC		#0099FF
#339900		#339933		#339966		#339999		#3399CC		#3399FF
#669900		#669933		#669966		#669999		#6699CC		#6699FF
#999900		#999933		#999966		#999999		#9999CC		#9999FF
#CC9900		#CC9933		#CC9966		#CC9999		#CC99CC		#CC99FF
#FF9900		#FF9933		#FF9966		#FF9999		#FF99CC		#FF99FF
#00CC00		#00CC33		#00CC66		#00CC99		#00CCCC		#00CCFF
#33CC00		#33CC33		#33CC66		#33CC99		#33CCCC		#33CCFF
#66CC00		#66CC33		#66CC66		#66CC99		#66CCCC		#66CCFF
#99CC00		#99CC33		#99CC66		#99CC99		#99CCCC		#99CCFF
#CCCC00		#CCCC33		#CCCC66		#CCCC99		#CCCCCC		#CCCCFF
#FFCC00		#FFCC33		#FFCC66		#FFCC99		#FFCCCC		#FFCCFF
#00FF00		#00FF33		#00FF66		#00FF99		#00FFCC		#00FFFF
#33FF00		#33FF33		#33FF66		#33FF99		#33FFCC		#33FFFF
#66FF00		#66FF33		#66FF66		#66FF99		#66FFCC		#66FFFF
#99FF00		#99FF33		#99FF66		#99FF99		#99FFCC		#99FFFF
#CCFF00		#CCFF33		#CCFF66		#CCFF99		#CCFFCC		#CCFFFF
#FFFF00		#FFFF33		#FFFF66		#FFFF99		#FFFFCC		#FFFFFF

TABEL NAMA WARNA UNTUK HTML / CSS

Aliceblue #F0F8FF		Antiquewhite #FAEBD7		Aqua #00FFFF
Aquamarine #7FFFD4		Azure #F0FFFF		Beige #F5F5DC
Bisque #FFE4C4		Black #000000		Blanchedalmond #FFEBCD
Blue #0000FF		Blueviolet #8A2BE2		Brown #A52A2A
Burlywood #DEB887		Cadetblue #5F9EA0		Chartreuse #7FFF00
Chocolate #D2691E		Coral #FF7F50		Cornflowerblue #6495ED
Cornsilk #FFF8DC		Crimson #DC143C		Cyan #00FFFF
Darkblue #00008B		Darkcyan #008B8B		Darkgoldenrod #B8860B
Darkgray #A9A9A9		Darkgreen #006400		Darkkhaki #BDB76B
Darkmagenta #8B008B		Darkolivegreen #556B2F		Darkorange #FF8C00
Darkorchid #9932CC		Darkred #8B0000		Darksalmon #E9967A
Darkseagreen #8FBC8F		Darkslateblue #483D8B		Darkslategray #2F4F4F
Darkturquoise #00CED1		Darkviolet #9400D3		Deeppink #FF1493
Deepskyblue #00BFFF		Dimgray #696969		Dodgerblue #1E90FF
Firebrick #B22222		Floralwhite #FFFAF0		Forestgreen #228B22
Fuchsia #FF00FF		Gainsboro #DCDCDC		Ghostwhite #F8F8FF
Gold #FFD700		Goldenrod #DAA520		Gray #808080
Green #008000		Greenyellow #ADFF2F		Honeydew #F0FFF0
Hotpink #FF69B4		Indianred #CD5C5C		Indigo #4B0082
Ivory #FFFFF0		Khaki #F0E68C		Lavender #E6E6FA
Lavenderblush #FFF0F5		Lawngreen #7CFC00		Lemonchiffon #FFFACD
Lightblue #ADD8E6		Lightcoral #F08080		Lightcyan #E0FFFF
Lightgoldenrodyellow #FAFAD2		Lightgreen #90EE90		Lightgrey #D3D3D3
Lightpink #FFB6C1		Lightsalmon #FFA07A		Lightseagreen #20B2AA
Lightskyblue #87CEFA		Lightslategray #778899		Lightsteelblue #B0C4DE
Lightyellow #FFFFE0		Lime #00FF00		Limegreen #32CD32
Linen #FAF0E6		Magenta #FF00FF		Maroon #800000
Mediumaquamarine #66CDAA		Mediumblue #0000CD		Mediumorchid #BA55D3
Mediumpurple #9370D8		Mediumseagreen #3CB371		Mediumslateblue #7B68EE
Mediumspringgreen #00FA9A		Mediumturquoise #48D1CC		Mediumvioletred #C71585
Midnightblue #191970		Mintcream #F5FFFA		Mistyrose #FFE4E1
Moccasin #FFE4B5		Navajowhite #FFDEAD		Navy #000080
Oldlace #FDF5E6		Olive #808000		Olivedrab #688E23
Orange #FFA500		Orangered #FF4500		Orchid #DA70D6
Palegoldenrod #EEE8AA		Palegreen #98FB98		Paleturquoise #AFEEEE
Palevioletred #D87093		Papayawhip #FFEFD5		Peachpuff #FFDAB9
Peru #CD853F		Pink #FFC0CB		Plum #DDA0DD
Powderblue #B0E0E6		Purple #800080		Red #FF0000
Rosybrown #BC8F8F		Royalblue #4169E1		Saddlebrown #8B4513
Salmon #FA8072		Sandybrown #F4A460		Seagreen #2E8B57
Seashell #FFF5EE		Sienna #A0522D		Silver #C0C0C0
Skyblue #87CEEB		Slateblue #6A5ACD		Slategray #708090
Snow #FFFAFA		Springgreen #00FF7F		Steelblue #4682B4
Tan #D2B48C		Teal #008080		Thistle #D8BFD8
Tomato #FF6347		Turquoise #40E0D0		Violet #EE82EE
Wheat #F5DEB3		White #FFFFFF		Whitesmoke #F5F5F5
Yellow #FFFF00		YellowGreen #9ACD32

Warna-warna web diatas dapat digunakan untuk banyak keperluan seperti warna tulisan, warna garis, warna background/latar
Semoga bermanfaat

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Kenapa menggunakan CSS

CSS sudah tidak asing lagi dikalangan para blogger atau pengembang website karena css sangat mudah digunakan dan cara penulisannya pun sangat gampang diingat. Tapi tahukah anda masih banyak lagi alasan kenapa css menjadi idola para blogger dan pengembang? Dalam artikel ini saya akan mengemukaan alasan-alasan kenapa menggunakan css.

Alasan menggunakan CSS

1. CSS sangat mudah digunakan
   Hal ini tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa untuk menggunakan css kita tidak memerlukan waktu yang lama dan tidak harus menuliskan baris perintah yang banyak untuk menerapkan teknologi css dalam blog atau web kita
2. CSS didukung oleh hampir semua jenis browser
   CSS tidak hanya bisa ditampilkan pada jenis browser-browser ternama saja, tapi juga bisa ditampilkan dengan aplikasi-aplikasi sejenis walaupun pada media yang sangat minimal seperti ponsel atau perangat gadget lainnya
3. CSS dapat diterapkan dengan banyak cara
   Untuk menggunakan css kita bisa gunakan beberapa cara seperti mendeklarasikan pada bagian head, membuat file css secara terpisah, mendeklarasikan pada saat diperlukan dan menempelkan pada TAG html
4. CSS membuat kontrol terpusat sehingga tidak perlu merubah  semua halaman
5. CSS mempercepat tampilnya sebuah halaman
6. CSS meminimalkan penggunaan bandwidh
7. Penulisan kode HTML menjadi lebih sederhana sehingga lebih disukai mesin pencari
8. CSS dapat melakukan apa yang tidak bisa dilakukan oleh HTML
   Dengan css kita bisa menempatkan sebuah objek pada lokasi yang bebas dalam posisi layar
9. CSS menghasilkan tampilan yang lebih baik
10. CSS dapat menggantikan beberapa fungsi gambar
11. CSS dapat menambahkan efek pada objek-objek yang ada dalam halaman web

Dari 11 point alasan diatas, pasti tiap orang punya pendapat berbeda, yang jelas css memberikan nilai tambah yang perlu anda pertimbangkan dalam membuat susunan layout halaman web atau blog anda.
Semoga bermanfaat

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Mengatasi Komputer tidak bisa di shutdown / pc tidak mau mati

Laptop anda sulit dimatikan,penyebab masalah laptop tidak mau di shutdown adalah hanya masalah software saja .,bisa jadi registry ,atau ada driver bermasalah .,
Karena laptop yang sulit di shutdown itu pada dasarnya ia belum bisa menyimpan dan menutup aplikasi yang sebelumnya anda buka .,jikapun anda sudah menutup semuanya tapi windows anda mendeteksi adanya sistem    yang belum tertutup sempurna .,nah sedikit cara adalah lakukan hal berikut
1. Menggunakan registry editor

• Klik Start Menu -> Run -> ketik regedit
• Buka HKEY_CURRENT_USER -> Control Panel -> Desktop
• Klik 2x pada PowerOffActive dan ubah nilai nya menjadi 1

2. Menggunakan Control  panel

• Klik Start dan pilih Control Panel
• Didalam Control Panel, klik Performance and Maintenance, kemudian klik Power Options
• Klik tab APM
• Beri tanda centang pada Enable Advanced Power Management Support kemudian klik OK.

3. Menggunakan System Configuration Utilities

• Masuk ke run dan Ketik “msconfig” (tanpa tanda kutip).
• Pada System Configuration Utilities pilih tab General, klik menu Advanced.... 
• Berikan tanda pada Disable fast shutdown. 
• Tutup semua program dan coba untuk shutdown

4.System Restore : 

5,kalo masih ga bisa ,instal ulang lagi windowsnya

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