sudo gedit /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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Merubah Default Boot dengan 2 Sistem Operasi (Ubuntu & Win XP)
APAPUN KURIKULUMNYA, MUTU GURU KUNCINYA
(1) kita merekrut orang-orang terbaik untuk menjadi guru, dan
(2) lingkungan kerja guru dibuat nyaman dan kondusif untuk bekerja dan mendorong mereka untuk berkarya agar mereka tidak loncat mencari pekerjaan lain. Itu kalau kita mau melakukan perubahan dalam pendidikan lho! Tapi kalau sekedar menjalankan pendidikan seadanya ya lakukan saja apa yang sudah dilakukan selama ini.
1. New Materials
2. New Behaviour/Practices
3. New Belief/Understanding
BAGAIMANA KUALITAS GURU YANG DIBUTUHKAN AGAR KURIKULUM BISA SUKSES?
BAGAIMANA UNTUK MENCAPAI ITU SEMUA?
Membuat Jam Digital yang dilengkapai dengan Setting Atmega Bascom AVR
Gambar rangkaian :
1 2 $regfile = "m8def.dat" 3 $crystal = 1000000 4 $hwstack = 40 5 $swstack = 20 6 $framesize = 32 7 8 Declare Sub Actual() 9 10 Config Lcd = 16 * 4 11 Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db4 = Portd.4 , Db5 = Portd.5 , Db6 = Portd.6 , Db7 = Portd.7 , E = Portd.0 , Rs = Portd.1 12 Config Lcdbus = 4 13 Deflcdchar Print , 14 , 32 , 17 , 25 , 21 , 19 , 17 , 17 14 Config Date = Dmy , Separator = / 15 Config Clock = Soft 16 Enable Interrupts 17 18 Dim Minuto As Byte 19 20 21 Ddrd.2 = 1 : Portd.2 = 0 22 Ddrc.0 = 0 : Portc.0 = 1 23 Ddrc.1 = 0 : Portc.1 = 1 24 25 Tombol_select Alias Pinc.0 26 Tombol_set Alias Pinc.1 27 28 29 Date$ = "23/03/11" 30 Time$ = "00:00:00" 31 Minuto = _min 32 33 Cls 34 Cursor Off 35 36 Awal: 37 Locate 1 , 1 : Lcd "BINA ELEKTRONIKA" 38 Locate 3 , 1 : Lcd "JAM :" 39 Locate 2 , 1 : Lcd "TGL :" 40 Locate 4 , 1 : Lcd " " 41 42 Awal1: 43 44 If Tombol_select = 0 Then 45 46 Waitms 5 47 Bitwait Tombol_select , Set 48 Goto Seting_detik 49 50 End If 51 52 Call Actual 53 Goto Awal1 54 55 Seting_detik: 56 57 Locate 4 , 1 : Lcd "SET DETIK" 58 59 Seting_detik1: 60 61 If Tombol_select = 0 Then 62 63 Waitms 5 64 Bitwait Tombol_select , Set 65 Goto Seting_menit 66 67 End If 68 69 If Tombol_set = 0 Then 70 71 Waitms 5 72 _sec = 0 73 Bitwait Tombol_set , Set 74 75 End If 76 77 Call Actual 78 Goto Seting_detik1 79 80 81 Seting_menit: 82 83 Locate 4 , 1 : Lcd "SET MENIT " 84 85 Seting_menit1: 86 87 If Tombol_select = 0 Then 88 89 Waitms 5 90 Bitwait Tombol_select , Set 91 Goto Seting_jam 92 93 End If 94 95 If Tombol_set = 0 Then 96 97 Waitms 5 98 Incr _min 99 If _min = 60 Then 100 _min = 0 101 End If 102 Bitwait Tombol_set , Set 103 104 End If 105 106 Call Actual 107 Goto Seting_menit1 108 109 Seting_jam: 110 111 Locate 4 , 1 : Lcd "SET JAM " 112 113 Seting_jam1: 114 115 If Tombol_select = 0 Then 116 117 Waitms 5 118 Bitwait Tombol_select , Set 119 Goto Seting_hari 120 121 End If 122 123 If Tombol_set = 0 Then 124 125 Waitms 5 126 Incr _hour 127 If _hour = 24 Then 128 _hour = 0 129 End If 130 Bitwait Tombol_set , Set 131 132 End If 133 134 Call Actual 135 Goto Seting_jam1 136 137 Seting_hari: 138 139 Locate 4 , 1 : Lcd "SET TANGGAL " 140 141 Seting_hari1: 142 143 If Tombol_select = 0 Then 144 145 Waitms 5 146 Bitwait Tombol_select , Set 147 Goto Seting_bulan 148 149 End If 150 151 If Tombol_set = 0 Then 152 153 Waitms 5 154 Incr _day 155 If _day = 32 Then 156 _day = 1 157 End If 158 Bitwait Tombol_set , Set 159 160 End If 161 162 Call Actual 163 Goto Seting_hari1 164 165 Seting_bulan: 166 167 Locate 4 , 1 : Lcd "SET BULAN " 168 169 Seting_bulan1: 170 171 If Tombol_select = 0 Then 172 173 Waitms 5 174 Bitwait Tombol_select , Set 175 Goto Seting_tahun 176 177 End If 178 179 If Tombol_set = 0 Then 180 181 Waitms 5 182 Incr _month 183 If _month = 13 Then 184 _month = 1 185 End If 186 Bitwait Tombol_set , Set 187 188 End If 189 190 Call Actual 191 Goto Seting_bulan1 192 193 194 Seting_tahun: 195 196 'Locate 4 , 1 : Lcd "A" 197 'Locate 4 , 2 : Lcd Chr(0) 198 Locate 4 , 1 : Lcd "SET TAHUN " 199 200 Seting_tahun1: 201 202 If Tombol_select = 0 Then 203 204 Waitms 5 205 Bitwait Tombol_select , Set 206 Goto Awal 207 208 End If 209 210 If Tombol_set = 0 Then 211 212 Waitms 5 213 Incr _year 214 If _year = 100 Then 215 _year = 00 216 End If 217 Bitwait Tombol_set , Set 218 219 End If 220 221 Call Actual 222 Goto Seting_tahun1 223 224 225 Actual: 226 227 Locate 2 , 7 : Lcd Date$ 228 Locate 3 , 7 : Lcd Time$ 229 If _min <> Minuto Then 230 231 Minuto = _min 232 Toggle Portd.2 233 234 End If 235 236 Return 237 238 End
Jam Digital menggunakan Mikro ATMega8 dan Bahasa BASCOM-AVR
Gambar Rangkaian :
Kode Bascom AVR
1 $regfile = "m8def.dat" 2 $crystal = 1000000 3 '------------------------ lcd ----------------------------------------------- 4 Config Lcd = 16 * 2 5 Config Lcdpin = Pin , Rs = Pind.0 , E = Pind.1 , Db4 = Pind.2 , Db5 = Pind.3 , Db6 = Pind.4 , Db7 = Pind.5 6 Cls 7 8 '--------------------------- ds 1307 ----------------------------------------- 9 $lib "ds1307clock.lib" 10 'configure the scl and sda pins 11 Config Sda = Portd.7 12 Config Scl = Portd.6 13 'address of ds1307 14 Const Ds1307w = &HD0 ' Addresses of Ds1307 clock 15 Const Ds1307r = &HD1 16 '------------------------------ key -------------------------------------------- 17 Config Pinc.1 = Input 18 Config Pinc.2 = Input 19 Config Pinc.3 = Input 20 Config Pinc.4 = Input 21 '------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22 Config Debounce = 30 23 24 Dim A As Byte , B As Byte , Data1 As Byte , C As Byte 25 26 Dim Seco As Byte , Mine As Byte , Hour As Byte 27 28 '---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 Cursor Off 30 '----------------------------- 31 Cls 32 Locate 1 , 1 33 Lcd "Jam Digital LCD" 34 Locate 2 , 1 35 Lcd "Bina Project" 36 Wait 2 37 38 For A = 1 To 15 39 Shiftlcd Left 40 Waitms 30 41 Next 42 43 Cls 44 '------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 Main: 46 Do 47 Gosub Ds1307 48 Gosub 24_12 49 Gosub Chekkey 50 51 Loop 52 '------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 Ds1307: 54 I2cstart ' Generate start code 55 I2cwbyte Ds1307w ' send address 56 I2cwbyte 0 ' start address in 1307 57 I2cstart ' Generate start code 58 I2cwbyte Ds1307r ' send address 59 I2crbyte Seco , Ack 'sec 60 I2crbyte Mine , Ack ' MINUTES 61 I2crbyte Hour , Nack ' Hours 62 I2cstop 63 64 Seco = Makedec(seco) : Mine = Makedec(mine) : Hour = Makedec(hour) 65 66 If Seco > 59 Then Seco = 0 67 If Mine > 59 Then Mine = 0 68 If Hour > 23 Then 69 Hour = 0 70 Gosub Seco 71 End If 72 73 Return 74 '------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 24_12: 76 If Pinc.4 = 1 Then Gosub Disply_24 77 If Pinc.4 = 0 Then Gosub Disply_12 78 Return 79 '------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 Disply_24: 81 82 Locate 1 , 1 83 Lcd "Jam = " ; Hour ; ":" ; 84 If Mine < 10 Then 85 Lcd "0" ; Mine ; ":" ; 86 Else 87 Lcd Mine ; ":" ; 88 End If 89 90 If Seco < 10 Then 91 Lcd "0" ; Seco 92 Else 93 Lcd Seco 94 End If 95 96 Locate 2 , 6 97 Lcd "(24 Jam)" 98 99 Return 100 101 '------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102 Disply_12: 103 104 If Hour = 0 Then Hour = 12 105 If Hour > 12 Then Hour = Hour - 12 106 107 Locate 1 , 1 108 Lcd "Jam = " ; Hour ; ":" ; 109 If Mine < 10 Then 110 Lcd "0" ; Mine ; ":" ; 111 Else 112 Lcd Mine ; ":" ; 113 End If 114 115 If Seco < 10 Then 116 Lcd "0" ; Seco 117 Else 118 Lcd Seco 119 End If 120 121 Locate 2 , 6 122 Lcd "(12 Jam)" 123 Return 124 '------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125 Chekkey: 126 127 Debounce Pinc.1 , 0 , Seco , Sub 128 Debounce Pinc.2 , 0 , Mine , Sub 129 Debounce Pinc.3 , 0 , Hour , Sub 130 131 132 Return 133 '--------------------------------------------- 134 Seco: 135 Incr Seco 136 If Seco > 59 Then Seco = 0 137 Seco = Makebcd(seco) 138 I2cstart ' Generate start code 139 I2cwbyte Ds1307w ' send address 140 I2cwbyte 0 ' starting address in 1307 141 I2cwbyte Seco 142 I2cstop 143 Return 144 145 '------------------------------------- 146 Mine: 147 Incr Mine 148 If Mine > 59 Then Mine = 0 149 Mine = Makebcd(mine) 150 I2cstart ' Generate start code 151 I2cwbyte Ds1307w ' send address 152 I2cwbyte 1 ' starting address in 1307 153 I2cwbyte Mine 154 I2cstop 155 Return
Aplikasi ADC pada ATMega8 dengan Bahasa Bascom AVR
1 $regfile = "m8def.dat" 2 $crystal = 4000000 3 Config Portb = Output 4 Config Lcd = 16 * 2 5 Config Lcdpin = Pin, Rs = Portd.4, E = Portd.5, Db4 = Portd.0 6 Config Lcdpin = Pin, Db5 = Portd.1 , Db6 = Portd.2 , Db7 = Portd.3 7 Config Adc = Single , Prescaler = Auto 8 9 Start Adc 10 'With STOP ADC, you can remove the power from the chip 11 'Stop Adc 12 13 Dim W As Word , Channel As Byte 14 Channel = 0 15 'Baca Nilai ADC dari channel 0 16 17 Do 18 Locate 1 , 1 19 Lcd "Nilai =" 20 W = Getadc(channel) 21 Locate 1 , 9 22 Lcd " " 23 Locate 1 , 9 24 Lcd W 25 Waitms 100 26 Loop 27 End
Mencegah Penipuan oleh Karyawan
Pisahkan tugas-tugas
* Cek ke pemasok atau orang yang tidak Anda kenal
* Cek dengan nilai lebih tinggi daripada yang diizinkan untuk kas kecil
* Tanda tangan yang nampak dipalsukan
* Cek hilang, atau nomor cek sudah kedaluwarsa
* Cek yang dibuat untuk pihak ketiga namun disahkan oleh seseorang di perusahaan Anda
* Cek yang nama terbayar tidak tercantum di dalam daftar Anda
Lindungi cek perusahaan Anda
Tanda tangani setiap cek gaji secara pribadi
Periksa dengan seksama piutang Anda
Beri waktu liburan bagi pemegang buku
Auditlah pembukuan Anda secara berkala
Pahami pembukuan Anda
Amankan perangkat lunak pembukuan Anda